家电行业知识库

家电出口的三大合规主线:生态设计与能效、安全与EMC 指令、能效标签与生产者责任(回收与押金)。

Three compliance tracks for appliance exports: ecodesign and energy efficiency, safety plus EMC directives, and energy labelling with producer responsibility (take-back and deposits).

EU ErP 生态设计法规规定能效限值、功能要求与说明书信息,覆盖大量家用电器品类,超限值不得在欧盟市场投放。

EU ErP ecodesign sets energy-efficiency thresholds, functional requirements and information requirements across many appliance categories. Non-compliant products may not be placed on the EU market.

家电出口欧盟需要 CE 标志,涉及 EMC 电磁兼容、LVD 低电压指令与 RoHS 有害物质限制,每项都要有对应符合性声明(DoC)。

Appliance exports to the EU need CE marking covering EMC, LVD and RoHS, each backed by a Declaration of Conformity (DoC).

EU 能效标签按 A 到 G 分级,并需在 EPREL 数据库注册产品信息。注册号缺失或与实际参数不符会影响清关和销售。

EU energy labels run A to G and products must be registered in the EPREL database. A missing or mismatched registration number affects customs clearance and retail listing.

WEEE 要求生产者在每个销售国注册,承担回收与处理义务,产品需标注 WEEE 标识;部分国家还叠加押金制度。

WEEE requires producer registration in every country of sale with take-back and treatment obligations, plus WEEE marking on the product. Some countries add deposit schemes.

RoHS 限制 10 项有害物质(铅、汞、镉、六价铬、 PBB、PBDE、DEHP、BBP、DBP、DIBP)在电子电气产品中的含量。

RoHS limits ten hazardous substances (lead, mercury, cadmium, hexavalent chromium, PBB, PBDE, DEHP, BBP, DBP, DIBP) in electrical and electronic equipment.

IECEE CB 体系提供国际电工产品安全证书,是进入中东、东南亚、非洲多国市场的通用路径,可减少重复测试。

The IECEE CB Scheme provides the international electrical product safety certificate — a common route into Middle East, Southeast Asian and African markets that reduces duplicate testing.

白色家电出口要点:能效等级与耗电量、噪声限值(洗衣机脱水噪声)、制冷剂配额与回收、备件供应年限承诺。

White goods essentials: energy class and consumption, noise limits (washer spin-dry), refrigerant quotas and recovery, and spare-parts availability commitments.

空调出口要点:变频压缩机与 R32 等低 GWP 冷媒、制冷剂充注配额、室外机噪声限值、CB 证书与目标国 SASO/G-mark 要求。

HVAC essentials: inverter compressor and low-GWP refrigerants such as R32, refrigerant charge quotas, outdoor unit noise limits, CB certificate and SASO/G-mark requirements.

厨房与个护小家电出口要点:食品接触材料(欧盟 1935/2004 与德国 LFGB)、双重绝缘与漏电保护、防水等级 IPX、无线电能效待机功耗。

Small kitchen and personal care essentials: food-contact materials (EU 1935/2004 and German LFGB), double insulation and leakage protection, IPX water rating, and standby power consumption.

海外家电买家类型:品牌商(看研发与认证能力)、连锁商超(看价格与售后网络)、工程商(看大批量交付与质保)、电商卖家(看拆箱体验与能效比)。

Overseas appliance buyer types: brands (R&D and certification capability), chain retailers (price and service network), project buyers (bulk delivery and warranty), e-commerce sellers (unboxing experience and efficiency ratio).

家电出口后市场要点:备件供应年限(欧盟要求至少 5-10 年)、保修条款与服务中心布局、说明书与安全警示的本地语言版本。

After-sales essentials: spare-parts availability years (EU requires 5-10 years), warranty terms and service network coverage, and locally translated manuals with safety warnings.

欧盟包装法规 PPWR:小家电外包装同样是强制监管对象。销售包装盒、内部缓冲泡沫、包装袋、不干胶标签全部要满足对应规则,不区分产品是否食品类。CE 标识只针对主机,不能覆盖包装要求。

EU PPWR: small-appliance packaging is also mandatory. Sales boxes, foam inserts, bags and labels must all comply — CE marking covers the product only, never the packaging.

包装材料化学物质限制:所有均质包装材料中四种重金属(铅、镉、汞、铬六价)总含量有明确上限。接触食物的包装物料(如空气炸锅配套隔油纸)还要额外管控全氟类物质,有多重浓度限值。

Packaging material chemistry: all homogeneous packaging materials have a combined limit for four heavy metals (lead, cadmium, mercury, hexavalent chromium). Food-contact packaging (e.g. air-fryer grease paper) adds PFAS limits.

包装结构设计要求:不能明显过度包装,盒内无效空白与多余内衬需删减。包装需满足回收性能分级,多层复合难拆解包装回收评级差,未来会被限制入市。塑料包装将逐步提高再生原料使用占比,需提前与包装供应商沟通物料来源。

Packaging design: no obvious over-packaging — dead space and redundant inserts must be cut. Packages need recyclability grading; multi-layer composites that cannot be separated score poorly and face market restrictions. Plastic packaging will progressively require recycled content — plan material sourcing with suppliers early.

包装生产者责任:非欧盟本土品牌或工厂须在每个拟销售国完成包装废弃物生产者注册,取得当地专属登记编号。跨境电商平台会核验,缺编号直接下架。企业需按年上报投放当地市场的包装总重量。中国企业必须指定欧盟当地代表代为申报。

Packaging producer responsibility: non-EU brands or factories must register as a packaging-waste producer in every EU country they sell in, obtaining a country-specific registration number. Platforms verify it — no number means delisting. Annual packaging-weight reporting is required. Chinese exporters must appoint an EU authorised representative.

小家电合规要分两条线:① 产品本体(整机、电源线、配件)做电气安全、电磁、化学物质筛查;② 包装物料(纸盒、塑料袋、泡沫、不干胶)单独评估。最常见踩坑是只测主机、没送检包装材料。技术档案需至少保存 10 年,监管机构随时有权调取。

Two compliance lines: (1) the product itself — unit, power cord, accessories — for electrical safety, EMC and chemical screening; (2) packaging materials — carton, bags, foam, labels — assessed separately. The classic mistake is testing only the product. Technical files must be kept at least 10 years and regulators may request them at any time.

欧盟包装和包装废弃物法规 PPWR(编号 EU 2025/40)已于 2026-08-12 在欧盟 27 国全面生效,直接取代旧指令 94/62/EC,无需各国转国内法,英国北爱尔兰同样适用。分阶段推进:2026-08-12 起铅/镉/汞/六价铬总含量 ≤100mg/kg(覆盖油墨、覆膜、胶水、镀层等全部组件,无豁免)、食品接触包装 PFAS 限值(单一 PFAS <25ppb、靶向 PFAS 总和 <250ppb、全部 PFAS 总和 <50ppm)、可回收设计义务、DoC 与技术文档、EPR 成员国登记立即生效;2027-02-12 EPR 相关标识;2028-08-12 统一材料成分标识;2030-01-01 可回收性能须达 A/B/C 级、塑料包装再生成分起点 35%;2038-01-01 可回收性能须达 A/B 级。2026-2029 期间可回收性只需企业自我声明不强制第三方评级,但重金属、PFAS、DoC 没有过渡期。违规可致海关扣留、平台下架、禁止在欧盟开展商业活动;罚则由各成员国自行设定(条例本身不设统一上限)。技术文件保存期:一次性包装自投放市场起 5 年,可重复使用包装 10 年。

EU PPWR (Regulation EU 2025/40) fully entered into force on 2026-08-12 across all 27 member states, directly replacing Directive 94/62/EC with no national transposition, and also applies to Northern Ireland. Phased rollout: from 2026-08-12 the following are immediately binding: lead/cadmium/mercury/hexavalent chromium combined ≤100 mg/kg across all components including inks, laminates, adhesives and coatings with no exemptions; PFAS limits for food-contact packaging (single PFAS <25 ppb, sum of targeted PFAS <250 ppb, total PFAS <50 ppm); design-for-recyclability; DoC and technical documentation; and EPR registration in each Member State; 2027-02-12 EPR labelling; 2028-08-12 harmonised material composition marking; 2030-01-01 recyclability grades A/B/C and 35% minimum recycled content in plastic packaging; 2038-01-01 grades A/B. From 2026 to 2029 recyclability needs only self-declaration, but heavy metals, PFAS and the DoC have no transition. Penalties: customs holds, platform delisting, bans on EU commercial activity; sanction levels are set by each Member State (the Regulation sets no uniform cap). Technical file retention: 5 years from placing on the market for single-use packaging, 10 years for reusable.

PPWR 强制两份文件:技术文档(TD)是对内证据库 —— 包装结构说明与部件拆解、材料清单 BOM(含胶粘剂/油墨/涂层)、图纸规格书、设计用途说明、各项测试报告、合规评估过程记录、计算数据与供应链溯源;符合性声明(DoC)是对外法律承诺 —— 须写明包装唯一识别信息(型号/批次/编号)、制造商名称地址、包装具体描述、适用法规条款、采用的标准或技术规范、签发地点日期与授权签字人姓名职务。DoC 签署日期不得晚于包装投放欧盟市场日期。技术文档保存期:一次性包装自投放市场起 5 年,可重复使用包装 10 年;收到成员国监管机构要求后须在 10 天内提供技术文档电子版(要求纸质版也要给)。TD 是根、DoC 是果,缺授权签字人职务或包装识别码与 TD 对不上,海关环节就会被卡。

PPWR requires two documents. The Technical Documentation (TD) is the internal evidence base: pack structure and component breakdown, BOM including adhesives, inks and coatings, drawings and specifications, design intent, test reports, compliance assessment records, calculation data and supply-chain traceability. The Declaration of Conformity (DoC) is the outward legal commitment: unique packaging identification (model/batch/serial), manufacturer name and address, packaging description, applicable legal provisions, standards or technical specifications used, place and date of issue, and the name and title of the authorised signatory. The DoC date must not be later than the date the packaging is placed on the EU market. Keep the TD for 5 years from placing on the market for single-use packaging, or 10 years for reusable packaging, and supply it electronically within 10 days of a member-state authority request. The TD is the root, the DoC the fruit — a missing signatory title or a mismatch between packaging ID and TD gets a shipment stopped at customs.

出口澳大利亚:老认证 C-Tick 已于 2016 年被淘汰,澳新监管统一为 RCM 标志,合并了原 SAA(电气安全)、C-Tick(电磁干扰)、A-Tick(无线电射频)三类要求,贴标须同时满足电气安全、EMC、无线电射频三方向。2026 年信息技术类产品旧安全标准已于 2026-01-05 到期,新产品必须用 AS/NZS 62368.1:2022。流程:先判定风险等级(低风险自行声明,高风险如电源适配器须官方认可机构注册)→ 第三方实验室测试(电气安全 + EMC,不合格改设计重送样)→ 整理电路图/说明书/测试报告等技术文件备查 → 由澳洲本地代理人在 EESS 官方数据库注册后贴标。官方不接受海外公司直接注册,必须找当地有资质公司作代理人(持 ABN 税号)代为在 EESS/ERAC 数据库注册并签署供应商符合性声明 SDoC。风险三级:Level 1 低风险(纯直流低压,仅 EMC 测试,免强制注册)· Level 2 中风险(交流供电常规电器如小家电,EMC + 安规双测 + EESS 注册)· Level 3 高风险(电水壶/微波炉/空调/插座/电源适配器等管制清单,需 SAA 安规证书 + EESS 注册 + 最严审核)。测试报告仅 NATA 认可实验室出具,国内 CNAS+ILAC 互认机构报告可直接用;CE 报告不能直接转 RCM,须补澳洲 230V/50Hz 差异测试(插头须符合 AS/NZS 3112)。RCM 标志高度 ≥3mm,须同时标注供应商代码;仅贴标未做 EESS 注册,法律判定为无证产品,海关直接扣货。违规最高可罚个人 50 万澳元、公司 1000 万澳元,并可能被召回下架。

Australia: the old C-Tick mark was retired in 2016 and replaced by the joint AU/NZ RCM mark, which consolidates the former SAA (electrical safety), C-Tick (EMC) and A-Tick (radio) requirements — a product must meet all three to bear the mark. For information technology equipment, the previous safety standard expired on 2026-01-05, so new products must be built to AS/NZS 62368.1:2022. Process: classify the risk level first (low risk allows self-declaration; high risk such as power adapters requires registration with an accredited body) → test at a qualified third-party laboratory (electrical safety plus EMC, redesign and resubmit on failure) → compile technical files (circuit diagrams, manuals, test reports) for inspection → appoint a local Australian agent to register in the EESS database and affix the mark. The authority does not accept direct registration from overseas companies: a local entity with an ABN must register in the EESS/ERAC database and sign the Supplier Declaration of Conformity. Three risk levels: Level 1 low risk (DC-only low-voltage — EMC test only, no mandatory registration), Level 2 medium risk (mains-powered appliances — EMC plus safety testing and EESS registration), Level 3 high risk (regulated list such as kettles, microwaves, air conditioners, sockets and power adapters — requires an SAA safety certificate, EESS registration and the strictest review). Test reports are only accepted from NATA-accredited laboratories; CNAS/ILAC reports from China are accepted directly, but CE reports cannot be converted to RCM — Australian 230V/50Hz difference testing is required, including plugs to AS/NZS 3112. The RCM mark must be at least 3 mm high and carry the supplier code; a mark without EESS registration makes the product uncertified and customs will detain it. Penalties reach AUD 500,000 for individuals and AUD 10,000,000 for companies, with recall and delisting.

欧盟电池法规电池拆装条款自 2027-02-18 生效:绝大多数内置电池的小家电,普通消费者(无维修经验、无专业培训的成年人)须能安全取出并更换整套电池 —— 不损坏机器本体和电池、只用市售普通工具(特殊工具须免费随附)、不得要求高温加热或化学溶剂拆卸、更换后机器仍正常工作。充电宝、耳机充电盒等对外输出电力的产品不属管控范围。两级豁免:部分豁免(仅限有资质的专业维修人员拆装,如电动牙刷、冲牙器、水洗剃须刀、可水洗扫地洗地配件)须同时满足 5 项条件(主要用途即在潮湿环境作业、设计上支持冲洗水洗、用户自行拆装有明确安全风险、现有技术水平无法兼顾防水与用户换电池安全、企业留存技术文档);完全豁免(电池永久密封)适用于断电会直接威胁人身安全(如烟雾/一氧化碳报警器)或断电会造成关键数据损坏(如冷链温度记录仪)的设备。IP 防水等级只能作参考,单凭 IP 数值不能证明满足豁免。

The EU battery rules require removable batteries from 2027-02-18: for most built-in-battery small appliances, an ordinary consumer (an adult with no repair training) must be able to safely remove and replace the whole battery without damaging the appliance or the battery, using only readily available tools (special tools must be supplied free), without high heat or solvents, and with the appliance still working afterwards. Power banks and earbud charging cases are out of scope. Two exemptions: partial (only qualified repair personnel may do it — electric toothbrushes, water flossers, wet shavers, washable robot accessories) requires all five conditions to hold simultaneously, including that the product is designed to work in wet environments, supports rinsing, poses a clear safety risk if the user opens it, cannot keep water resistance while remaining user-replaceable at current technology levels, and documented; full (permanently sealed) applies where power loss endangers personal safety (smoke and CO alarms) or destroys critical data (cold-chain loggers). An IP rating is only a clue — it cannot by itself justify an exemption.

欧盟电池法规(EU 2023/1542)第 11 条豁免清单:2026 年配套授权法案草案把可拆卸豁免扩到 8 类产品 —— (a) 可水洗涉水电器(长期接触溅水/水流/浸水、可冲洗清洁,含防水穿戴设备)· (b) 专业医疗设备(医学影像、放疗、体外诊断)· (c) 微型密封可穿戴设备(开盖会破坏防水防尘抗摔,或体积过小无法安全更换,如手表手环智能眼镜)· (d) 充电电动玩具(临时豁免,有效至 2030-07-31)· (e) 食品接触无线测温探头(拆换会破坏密封,漏液污染食物)· (f) ATEX 防爆环境专用设备(拆装可能产生火花)· (g) 皮下给药穿戴输注设备(自行换电池会导致给药故障或剂量错误)· (h) 农机/工程机械车顶车载远程信息终端(高强度震动粉尘潮湿,仅专业人员维护)。豁免仅免除"终端用户自行拆卸"义务,产品仍需配套专业维修渠道与完整技术文件;产品结构简单、用户拆机无隐患的仍须设计可拆卸电池。法规核心底线不变:2027-02-18 是强制截止日,豁免清单仍在持续扩容,碳足迹、电池数字护照、回收指标等要求陆续实施。

Article 11 of the EU Battery Regulation (EU 2023/1542) exemptions: a 2026 delegated-act draft widens the removable-battery exemption to eight product classes — (a) washable water-exposed appliances (splash, running water, immersion, rinse-cleanable, including waterproof wearables), (b) professional medical equipment (imaging, radiotherapy, in-vitro diagnostics), (c) small sealed wearables where opening breaks water/dust/shock resistance or the device is too small to change safely (watches, bands, smart glasses), (d) chargeable electric toys (temporary, valid to 2030-07-31), (e) food-contact wireless temperature probes where opening breaks the seal and leakage could contaminate food, (f) ATEX-rated explosion-protection equipment where removal could spark, (g) subcutaneous drug-delivery wearables where user replacement risks dosing failure, and (h) remote terminals on farm and construction machinery (vibration, dust, moisture; professional servicing only). An exemption removes only the end-user-removal obligation — professional repair channels and full technical documentation are still required, and simple products with no user hazard must still be designed for a removable battery. The core deadline is unchanged: 2027-02-18, the exemption list keeps expanding, and carbon-footprint, battery-passport and recycling requirements are phasing in.

电池拆装之外还有 3 个易忽略的合规点:① 硬件不能只认原厂电池,第三方电池参数达标且无安全隐患时机器须能正常使用,手册应写明替换电池需满足的技术指标并引用对应标准,电芯替换须匹配容量、化学体系、健康状态等关键参数不可随意混用;② 电池备件须在最后一台机器售出后继续供应至少 5 年,拆装用的一次性卡扣、紧固件也要作为备件同步提供(2027-02-18 前已投放欧盟市场的旧产品不受此约束);③ 禁止用软件锁死第三方电池,允许做软件通讯校验识别电池状态保障安全,但不得出现"零件配对"机制限制机器部分或全部功能,允许弹窗提示"当前使用非原厂电池"但弹窗不得限制任何实际功能。

Three further points beyond the removable-battery structure: (1) the hardware must not accept only original batteries — a third-party battery meeting the stated parameters must work, with the manual specifying the required technical criteria and citing the relevant standard, and replacement cells matched on capacity, chemistry and state of health; (2) spare batteries must remain available for at least 5 years after the last unit of a model is sold, and one-time snap-fits and fasteners used in removal must be supplied as spares too (units placed on the EU market before 2027-02-18 are exempt); (3) firmware must not lock out qualified third-party batteries — software comms checks for battery state and safety are fine, but "part pairing" mechanisms that restrict any appliance function are not, and a "non-original battery in use" prompt is allowed provided it restricts nothing.